# hematuria 就是urine 中有RBC. 可以分為gross hematuria 和 microscopic hematuria . microscopic hematuria 被定義為 > 5 RBC/HPF (in the sediment from 10ml of centrifuged freshly voided urine).
# 某些人尿的顏色可能呈紅色或紅棕色,但它們是實上不是真正的血尿,即urine 存在的不是真正的RBC‧ 以下是引起這种情況的幾种原因:
(1) urine中含有hemoglobin, myoglobin, porphyrins.
(2) 大量吃下某些食物如 beets(甜菜), blackberry(黑莓).
(3) 服用某些藥物如 ascorbic acid, metronidazole, iron sorbitol, nitrofurantoin .
# 暫時性的血尿(transient hematuria)
很多情況都會引起暫時性的血尿,會在24小時後不再出現,如高燒, 脫水及運動皆如是.
因此若是有gross hematuria 或是microscopic hematuria 持續存在達一個月以上,都值得去深入探討其原因‧
# hematuria 的一些性狀可分辨出RBC 的來源是在 kidney 或lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra)︰
from kidney
(1) gross urine 時urine 像coca-cola color.
(2) gross urine 且合併有proteiuria, edema, hypertension, and renal failure.
(3) microscopic examination (a)發現有cast . (b) RBC 的形狀常呈變形會有pitty or funny-looking.
from low urinary tract
(1) gross hematuria 時 urine 呈 red to pink color.
(2) 很少合併有 proteinuria and hypertension.
(3) microscopic examination: (a)常發現有clot. (b) RBC 的形狀很少有變形.
# 會產生hematuria 的glomerulus diseases
A. IgA nephropathy
﹡即IgA deposit 在glomerule 的mesangium.
﹡男比女多 (2:1).
﹡常會有recurrent gross hematuria with persistent microscopic hematuria gross hematuria 常在URI episode 的onset 後, 1至2天出現.
﹡約50% 有IgA nephropathy 有serum IgA 上升, 但normal serum IgA level 不能排除無IgA nephropathy .
﹡約30% 的IgA nephropathy 有poor prognosis, 此類病人常併有hypertension, impaired renal function, proteiuria ( > 1g / 24hrs) 因此若懷疑是IgA nephropathy with progressive change 有前幾种前述不好的先兆即須作renal biopsy 以確認是否是IgA nephropathy.
﹡對於IgA nephropathy with progressive change, immunosuppressive therapy, or corticorsteroids 可能有幫忙.
B. Idiopathic hematuria (thin basement membrane nephropathy)
﹡可在electron microscopy 下見到marked thinning of the glomerular basement membrane; 但在light and immunofluorescene microscopy 下則是normal. 在其他家庭成員也可發現有hematuria 的history, 但這些family 絕沒有renal failure 的結局.
﹡prognosis 很好但仍需要長期追蹤, 若出現了hypertension, proteinuria, impaired renal function 就表示非idiopathic hematuria, 須進一步的renal biopsy 以確認是那种glomerular disease.
C. Alport syndrome
﹡golmerule develop mesanginal proliforation and capillary wall thickening
﹡Alport syndrome 起初也都是以recurrent gross hematuria with persistent microscopic hematuria 表現, 但若已有proteiuria 發展時則需作renal biopsy 以確立診斷才能作進一步的治療
﹡少數patients 可能會合併sensorineural hearing loss and eye abnormalities, ex .catarct and macular lesion.
﹡genetic and inheritance 可能有x-linked dominant disorder(故 男性>女性), or autosome - linked dominant disorder.
﹡prognosis:
male —常在20 至30 歲時就會走到renal failure 的地步偶而亦有hearing loss 的情形.
Female —常能終其一生過著正常生活, 但偶而會有輕微的hearing loss.
﹡treatment:
除了dialysis & kidney transplatation外, 沒有特殊的治療方式 .
D. Idiopathic hypercalciuria
﹡表現的症狀還是recurrent gross hematuria with persistent microscopic hematuria , or dysuria . hypercalciuria 不一定會有hypercalcemia.
﹡可能的形成原因包括: excess gastrointestinal absorption of normal dietary calcium intake, or a defect in renal tubular calcium reabsorption. 一但由hyperparathyroidism or Vit D intoxication 所引起的hypercalciuria 不能稱為 idiopathic hypercalciuria
﹡diagnosis: 24 hrs urinary calcium excretion exceeding 4 mg / kg 或 Uca/ Ucr > 0.2 ( infants > 0.8 )
﹡hypercalciuria 最後可能引起nephrolithiasis. oral thiazide diuretics 可減低urinary Ca. 因thiazide 可能刺激calcium reabsorption in the dist tubules, 因此給以 thiazide 治療可以預防gross hematuria , dysuria and nephrolithiasis 的形成. 但這种預防性的給藥治療是否值得, 事實上仍有爭議.
﹡treatment
若有 persistent gross hematuria or dysuria, 則應該接受chlorothiazide 的治療達一年以上. 症狀若有改善,則停藥,若復發則再給藥.
dietary calcium restriction is not recommended because of the obligate requirement for growth.
E. acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSAGN)
﹡臨床表現的主要特徵是hematuria, hypertension and edema.
﹡小於3 y/o 的children 較少發生.
﹡冬天常是由於感染了streptococcal pharygitis 後1 至 2 weeks, 再形成PSAGN. 而夏天常是由於感染了streptococcal skin infection 後3 至4 weeks 再形成 PSAGN.
﹡Renal involvement 可以是asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with normal renal function 到嚴重的renal failure. 而且依renal involvement 的嚴重度不同, edema, hypertension and oliguria 有不同程度的臨床表現. edema 常是由於salt & water retention 造成. acute phase (gross hematuria, edema, hypertension) 大都在一個月內就會消失.
﹡diagnosis
U/A: hematuria with cast proteiuria
Throat culture: positive ( maybe just carrier?)
血清學檢查:
ASLO(anti-streptolysis O titer) (+) 一般鏈球菌感染後10 to 14 days 後上升, 但skin infection時則不上升.
Streptozyme test (+)
免疫學檢查: serum C3 reduced 大都在6 weeks 後會恢復正常.
﹡須要renal biopsy 的情況: (1) 有acute renal failure的發生. (2)表現nephrotic syndrome (proteiuria excretion > 2 g /24 hrs) . (3) C3 正常 或C3 的reduced 超過 9 weeks. (4) acute phase 超過 4 weeks.
﹡治療︰
(1) 若culture (+) �� antibiotics.
(2) 支持 & 症狀治療.
﹡prognosis
早期使用antibiotics 治療streptococcal throat and skin infection 對PSAGN risk 的降低沒有幫助.
F. membranoproliferation glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
﹡是old children & young adults 造成chronic renal failure 的主要 腎絲球炎.
﹡大部分表現nephrotic syndrome, 但也有表現出gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria with proteinuria
﹡常是由renal biopsy 後才發現的. 因此對於onset of nephritic syndrome in a children over 8 yrs of age, 或persistent microscopic hematuria and proteinuria 皆須renal biopsy
﹡MPGN and PSAGN 臨床表現有時很像,包括 gross hematuria , low C3 level, hypertension, edema, streptozyme test (+). 但其natural course 不同, 因PSAGN 的acute phase 的症狀在1 個月內大都會消失,且C3 reduced 在6 weeks 內會恢復; 但MPGN 則不. 因此,須作renal biopsy 以確定之.
G. hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
﹡是young children (< 4 y/o) 產生acute renal failure 最常見的原因.
﹡常是由於先前有E.coli 的GI infection, 引致toxin 的release 被GI tract 吸收後, 引發一連串kidney 內capillary 的內皮細胞受到傷害, 產生platelete 的adhesive & clotting formation, 進而造成通過此處的RBC 遭破壞造成 hemolytic anemia, renal function 也受到破壞. 故HUS 的臨床表現是microangiopathic hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure
﹡history course 通常是 a 4 y/o children , gastroenteritis 5 - 6 days ago, sudden onset of pallor , weakness , petechiae , edema , and hepatosplemegaly.
H. polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
AR polycystic kidney disease
﹡fetus 時即有明顯的oligohydramnios 出生時可發現bil. flank mass
﹡in childhood, 可能會有gross or microscopic hematuria and hypertension. by ultrasonography, 可發現 marked enlarged and uniformly hyperechogenic kidney. AD polycystic kidney disease
﹡一樣會有 microscopic hematuria with flank mass and hypertension by ultrasonography, 可 demonstrate 出 cyst of kidney.
更新日期:2007-01-29